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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling that is used in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a substantial difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling unit is the most popular type of torque converter utilized in car transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or likewise called Constantinesco converter. There are other mechanical designs used for constantly changeable transmissions that can multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is a type that has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an added element which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics through occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating elements within a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the word stator originates from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
Changes to the basic three element design have been integrated sometimes. These modifications have proven worthy particularly in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of many turbines and stators. Each set has been meant to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples comprise the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
While it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to reduce heat and to be able to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
